Cardiology

Tetralogy of Fallot is a heart abnormality that occurs at birth (hereditary) the heart muscle with four chambers, the upper, left and right atria, and left and right ventricles. function to pump blood The interventricular septal septum Tetralogy of Fallot has four characteristics: (1) a ventricular septal defect (VSD); (2)

Cardiac tumors of the heart are non-cancerous. Tumors that begin in the lining of the heart and pushed into the chambers of the heart The heart has four chambers two atrium rooms two ventricle rooms and It pumps blood to the ventricle, where it compresses and pumps blood to the rest of the body. 90% of cardiac tumors of the heart occur in the atrium. Usually occurs on the left and on the top that separates the two sides of the heart Some heart tumors are flat. But many have thin stalks that are tied up, which allows them to move easily. Although heart tumors are rare, It is the most common tumor of the heart. They are first seen at an average age of 56. Women are twice as frequent as men.

People who smoke or have high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol are more likely to have a heart attack or myocardial infarction (MIs). In MIs, the heart muscle is injured or killed when it doesn't receive enough oxygenated blood because of the blood vessels. clogged

The heart has only one function: to pump blood. The heart is made up of muscles that contract. Aqueous coating around the pericardium within the pericardium layer. This helps to keep the heart in the correct position and prevent it from moving too much or rubbing against other parts of the body. Stiffness is a condition in which the heart is filled with too much fluid in the pericardium. affects the pumping of blood Atrial fibrillation can be life-threatening. Immediate diagnosis and emergency treatment can save lives. Close supervision is imperative.

Several types of electrical signals occur in the heart. The heart has two bundles to transmit electrical signals. The right and left sets have a signal sent to the right and left ventricles. The signal begins at the sinus node (sinoatrial or SA) of the heart and spreads through the upper chambers. to the core, and then to the branches A blocked heart electrical condition is This causes a delay in the transmission of these signals from the heart's upper atrium. These signals pass through the core of the heart but are blocked. This can affect either the left or right ventricle. The atria heart chambers contract normally. But the lower ventricle cannot receive signals at the same time. of shrinkage affected can't prevent The heart's electrical current can be blocked.

The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood through arteries throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen and other nutrients that the body needs. coronary heart disease Caused by fat accumulation in the inner layer of coronary arteries. These blood cells are located outside the heart and carry blood to the heart, myocardium. These sebum deposits may build up during adolescence and gradually. thicker and larger throughout life This thickening, known as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), narrows the arteries and can narrow or block blood flow to the heart.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a disease that occurs when blood clots in a vein. The affected veins are usually deep in the leg muscles but can occur elsewhere. Blood clots slow down the flow of blood. The area becomes swollen, red, and painful if a blood clot moves to the lungs. Pulmonary embolism (pulmonary embolism) can lead to severe breathing problems. DVT often affects people who are not physically active, are elderly, pregnant, or have blood disorders that increase their risk of clotting.

Enlarged myocardium is a disease of the heart muscle that protects the muscle from the force of its contraction. Therefore, the heart cannot pump enough blood to the organs in the body. The heart becomes weak and the four heart chambers become larger (dilated). These chambers are the atria and the ventricles of the heart. The muscles may thicken to give more force to contract to allow the blood to pump normally. Heart valves may be affected. When the chambers of the heart are enlarged This can worsen circulation. Impaired heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other organs.

The mitral valve in the heart lies between the left atrium atrium. And the left ventricle opens when the atrium pumps blood into the chamber and closes when the ventricle pumps blood into the body. The closure prevents blood from returning to the atrium. Blood flows back into the atrium due to Leaky mitral valves Blood is not being pumped out of the heart properly. and the upper atrium cannot be filled in the next round. Blood may rush to the right side to the lungs. and fills the lungs with fluid The left ventricle has to do more work to move the blood. Later, it can cause heart failure.

It is a narrowing or blockage of the mitral valve located between the left atrium. The ventricle is the left ventricle (one of the upper chambers of the heart) and the left ventricle (one of the lower chambers in the heart).

The atrium is the top chamber of the heart. The ventricular ventricle is the lower chamber. In the atrial flutter, it begins to beat rapidly due to excessive abnormal electrical impulses. The atrium tries to shrink. But the contractions that are too fast can be up to 300 beats per minute, instead of 60 to 100. Atrial flutter is more common in older people. mostly men

TRight heart catheterization is called a pulmonary artery catheter. to find out how well the heart and blood vessels are working and treat heart disease Most coronary catheters are done in a laboratory.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disease in the United States. Although regular exercise can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CV) such as CHD and high blood pressure (hypertension) Many people do not exercise. Fitness is important to cardiovascular health.

Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is defined as the heart muscle injury or death due to insufficiency. oxygen due to clogged arteries Doctors often attribute heart disease symptoms to other factors in female patients. And women are often skeptical of having MI and attending late, with nearly half dying from heart attacks, half of MI deaths. Women are also about 10 years more likely to live longer than men with MI, and are more likely to have MI. have other chronic diseases too

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (also known as HCM, IHSS, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) is an illness affecting the heart muscle. It interferes with the heart’s ability to pump blood. Sometimes it also changes the heart’s natural rhythm, which leads to irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). One type of cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, occurs when the heart’s muscle fi bers grow abnormally. Heart walls thicken, especially in the left ventricle (the main pumping chamber). The left ventricle becomes smaller inside, the heart cannot rest completely between beats, and the ventricle pumps less blood out of the heart. People are at risk for fainting (syncope), chest pain (angina), diffi culty breathing (dyspnea), and sudden death. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects people of all ages, including children. It can cause sudden death even in children and young adults.

CHF is a condition in which the heart cannot (fails to) pump enough blood to organs and tissues. One side of the heart (or both sides) cannot force enough blood out, so blood backs up. Congestion, or abnormal buildup of fl uid, occurs in tissues or organs, and blood doesn’t move well through the vascular system. If the left side of the heart fails, the system on the right side becomes congested. The congested side of the heart must work harder and may also fail. The same thing can happen on the right side.

The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers, two upper (left and right atria) and two lower (left and right ventricles). These contract and pump blood. Special tissue in the heart produces and sends electrical impulses to get the muscle to contract. Normal electrical signals start from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the wall of the right atrium. From there the signal goes to the left atrium and reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node between the atria and ventricles. The signal then goes to the left and right bundle branches and fi nally the ventricles. There it stimulates ventricles to contract. Heart block refers to a disturbance of these impulses. Thirddegree heart block, or complete heart block, is one of three types (fi rst- and second-degree blocks are the others). In complete heart block, no impulses from the atria reach the ventricles. Signals are completely blocked at the AV node

The atria are the top chambers of the heart that send blood to the ventricles (bottom chambers). A septum is a wall separating the left and right sides of these chambers. An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an inborn (congenital) heart condition. It is a hole in the septum separating the left and right atria. The left side of the heart normally pumps under higher pressure than the right side. The defect produces a left-to-right shunt that allows blood from the two sides of the heart to mix. Blood with less oxygen is pumped to the body, and oxygenated blood travels back to the lungs. Abnormal circulation on the right side of the system causes increased pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension). ASD is more common in girls than boys. Some defects close as a child grows, but others may last into adulthood. ASD is the most common congenital heart defect diagnosed in adults. ASD cannot be prevented

The speed and pattern of your heartbeat is called your heart rhythm and can be felt by feeling the pulse. Your heart rhythm is set by signals from the heart’s electrical system. An abnormal heart rhythm is called an arrhythmia. Atrial fi brillation is one type of abnormal rhythm. The muscle looks as if it is wiggling instead of squeezing (contracting).

Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a disorder in which the opening of the aortic valve in the heart is too small or stiff. A valve is like a doorway, and the aortic valve is one of four valves controlling blood fl ow inside the heart. A normal aortic valve has three fl aps (leafl ets). The heart sends oxygen rich blood to the body through this valve. In AVS, the heart works harder to pump blood through the smaller opening. This extra effort can make the heart grow big and weak. AVS occurs about three times more often in men than in women.

The aorta is the large artery that leaves the heart from the leftlower chamber (ventricle). The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. Aortic insuffi ciency (or aortic regurgitation) is the leaking of blood from the aorta through the aortic valve into the left ventricle when the ventricle contracts. Aortic insuffi ciency causes the left ventricle to get larger because of the extra blood in it.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a bulging of the aorta, the main blood vessel that takes blood from the heart to organs and tissues in the lower half of the body. The aorta is the largest artery in the body, and a stretching or bulging in the aorta is dangerous because this weakened area in the wall of the aorta may split open (rupture) if not treated. These aneurysms commonly occur in people older than 60 and affect men more than women. Ruptured aneurysms are the 10th leading cause of death in men older than 55 in the United States.

The tricus is closed between the right atrium and the right ventricle. In the heart, the valves open when blood flows from the upper chambers to the lower chambers. and reflecting back to the upper chambers, causing the atria to work harder

is a condition in which the heart's electrical current increases abnormally abnormally fast heartbeat It is more common in people aged 20 years. and is the cause of tachycardia in children and infants.

Caused by a leak in the ventricle of the heart between two chambers. The left chamber pressure is greater than the right chamber. So the blood goes into the mix. and less oxygen to nourish the body The right ventricle exerts pressure back to the left ventricle, increasing pressure in the pulmonary arteries. VSDs are congenital diseases.

heartbeat faster than usual Causing the heart to not fully fill with blood, beating 150–250 beats per minute, from normal 60-100 beats per minute, SVT includes a long-standing heart flutter, known as AFIB, a common type and other types AVNRT AVRT Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome SVT is found in both men and women.

Is the heart sending abnormal electrical current. The name comes from the graph on the EKG. It is a small current that stimulates muscle contraction. and while the heart muscle relaxes The cells are repolarized, causing cardiac disturbances. Fast and agile It occurs more often in children and adolescents aged 8-20 years.

It is an inflammation of the heart muscle.

Congestion in the chest due to decreased blood and oxygen supply to the heart It is a symptom of coronary heart disease and coronary artery hardening from the presence of cholesterol and fat deposits in the arteries. Acute chest pain can cause spasms of the heart muscle. in which acute angina is uncertain can happen to the situation

The heart normally pumps blood from the upper atrium to the lower ventricle. Electricity runs from SA node to AV node and then runs from left to right. Heartbeat is interrupted due to slow power to the AV node.